Chapter

5.0 FINDINGS OF THE FIELD SURVEY IN THE STUDY AREA

5.1 UNPAVED ROADS

The findings of the field trips for unpaved roads in the Oshikoto Region are summarised in table 31:

TABLE 31: FINDINGS OF THE FIELD SURVEY: UNPAVED ROADS: OSHIKOTO REGION

Road No.	District	Start-End Km	Stations	EAADT	Pavement Type	Findings of the Field Survey
D2863	Tsumeb	29,4 33,3	(Kombat)-Reg.Border-D3022	35	A-E	Maintained by Otjozondjupa Region Calcrete/quartzite material with oversize material. R.Q. is fair to warning. Shrubs growing on shoulder. See: Photos 001 and 002
D3001	Tsumeb	0,0 19,0	T0110 (south of Oshivelo)-D3004	7	E	Graded every third week Gravelled by fair calcrete gravel Gradeability and R.Q. are good
D3001	Tsumeb	19,0 40,7	D3004-D3007	7	E	Graded every third week. Gravelled by fair calcrete gravel. Gradeability and R.Q. are good.
D3001	Tsumeb	40,7 58,4	D3007-D3047	7	E	Graded every third week. Gravelled by fair calcrete gravel. Gradeability and R.Q. are good.
D3001	Tsumeb	58,4 79,6	D3047-M0075 (south Tsintsabis)	7	E	Graded every third week. Gravelled by fair calcrete gravel. Gradeability and R.Q. are good. See: Photo 003
D3003	Tsumeb	0,0 27,8	T0110-D3028	5	E	Graded once in three months. Gradeability and R.Q. are good to fair.
D3004	Tsumeb	0,0 20,9	T0110-D3001	4	E	Graded once in three months. Gradeability and R.Q. are good.
D3007	Tsumeb	0,0 54,4	T0110 (north of Tsumeb)-D3001	8	E	Graded every third week. Gravelled by fair calcrete gravel. Gradeability and R.Q. are good.
D3016	Tsumeb	0,0 18,1	M0075 (Tsintsabis)-D3017	4	E	Graded once in three months. Gradeability and R.Q. are good. See: Photo 004
D3016	Tsumeb	18,1 25,0	D3017-Reg.Border (Otjozondjupa)	4	E	Graded once in three months. Gradeability and R.Q. are good.
D3017	Tsumeb	39,3 53,6	Reg.Border (Otjozondjupa)-D3016	15	E	Graded once in three months. Gradeability and R.Q. are good.
D3021	Tsumeb	0,0 14,5	M0072-Reg.Border (Otjozondjupa)	6	E	Maintained by Otjozondjupa Region. Calcrete material with oversize material at places. R.Q. is good to fair.

D3022	Tsumeb	13,4 27,2	(M0072)-Reg.Border (Otjozondjupa)-D2863	25	E	Maintained by Otjozondjupa Region. Calcrete material with oversize material at places. R.Q. is good to fair. Road reserve has to be debushed.
D3022	Tsumeb	27.2 41,4	D2863-Reg.Border (Otjozondjupa)	25	E	Maintained by Otjozondjupa Region. Calcrete material with oversize material at places. R.Q. is good to fair. Road reserve has to be debushed.
D3025	Tsumeb	0,0 47,8	DR3028- Reg.Border (Otjozondjupa)	1	E	Graded twice a year. Is in the process to be deproclaimed as a district road.
D3028	Tsumeb	64,0 90,7	(Otavi)-Reg.Border (Otjozondjupa)-D3025	3	E	Graded once in three months. Gradeability and R.Q. are good.
D3028	Tsumeb	90,7 93,3	D3025-D3003	3	E	Graded once in three months. Gradeability and R.Q. are good.
D3028	Tsumeb	93,3 113,0	D3003-M0084	3	E	Graded once in three months. Gradeability and R.Q. are good.
D3031	Tsumeb	48,3 56,4	(Otavi)-Reg.Border (Otjozondjupa)-D3043	5	E	Maintained by Otjozondjupa Region. Calcrete material. R.Q. is good.
D3039	Tsumeb	0,0 20,6	M0075-Reg.Border (Otjozondjupa)	2	E	Graded once in three months. Gradeability and R.Q. are good.
D3043	Tsumeb	0,0 19,4	T0110-D3031	13	E	Graded every second week. Gradeability and R.Q. are good.
D3043	Tsumeb	19,4 24,1	D3031- Reg.Border (Otjozondjupa)-(D3028)	13	E	Graded every second week. Gradeability and R.Q. are good.
D3047	Tsumeb	0,0 42,5	M0075 (north of Tsumeb)-D3001 (west of Tsintsabis)	4	E	Graded every fifth week. Gradeability and R.Q. are good.
D3600	Tsumeb	0,0 13,3	M0075/D3016 (Tsintsabis)-Reg.Border (Ohangwena)	2	Not built yet	Not travelled
D3602	Tsumeb	50.6 57,3	Reg.Border (Ohangwena)-D3603 (Okankolo)	37	A/E	Graded every second week. The In-Situ N.P. to S.P. fine, white sand is susceptible to some corrosion and erosion. Gravelled by fair calcrete gravel. Gradeability and R.Q. are fair to warning.
D3603	Tsumeb	0,0 31,2	T0111 (Onathinge)-D3602 (Okankolo)	59	A/E	Graded every second week. The In-Situ N.P. to S.P. fine, white sand is susceptible to some corrosion and erosion. Gravelled by fair calcrete gravel. Gradeability and R.Q. are fair to warning.

D3603	Tsumeb	31,2 40,4	D3602 (Okankolo)-D3631	59	A/E	Graded every second week. The In-Situ N.P. to S.P. fine, white sand is susceptible to some corrosion and erosion. Gravelled by fair calcrete gravel. Gradeability and R.Q. are fair.
D3603	Tsumeb	40,4 91,9	D3631-D3630 (Ohumbula)	4	Not built yet	Not travelled
D3603	Tsumeb	91,9 132,9	D3630 (Ohumbula)-Reg.Border (Ohangwena)-(Okongo)	4	Not built yet	Not travelled
D3606	Tsumeb	6,7 11,1 (the total distance from D 3629 to Oluno is � 6 km)	Reg.Border (Oshana)-D3629 (west of Olukonda)	16	Labour-based Construction A/E	Graded every second week. The original wearing course (calcrete) has been removed by E.B. grader maintenance (width of road increased from an original 6,00 m wearing course to � 10,00 m.). The In-Situ N.P. to S.P. fine, white sand is susceptible to high corrosion and erosion: but due to lower traffic loads D3606 has a R.Q. from fair to warning with a maintained speed of 88-90 km/h.
D3625	Tsumeb	24,7 31,1	Reg.Border (Ohangwena) –Oshigambo	19	Labour-based Construction E	Graded every second week. Gravelled by fair calcrete gravel. Gradeability and R.Q. are good.
D3625	Tsumeb	31,1 31,4	Oshigambo- M0121 (Oshigambo Junction)	19	Labour-based Construction E	Graded every second week. Gravelled by fair calcrete gravel. Gradeability and R.Q. are good.
D3629	Tsumeb	0,0 3,4	T0111 (Onethindi)-DR3606 (Olukonda)	31	A/E or B:weak cohesion, loose material	Traffic counts have to be verified: The EAADT seems too low: the Consulting Engineers (BICON) had a traffic count (End 1998) of ADT=165 2 km west of Onathindi and ADT=113 at Olukonda. Graded every second week. The original wearing course (calcrete) has been removed by E.B. grader maintenance (width of road increased from an original 6,00 m wearing course to � 10,00 m.). The in-situ N.P. to S.P. fine, white sand is susceptible to high corrosion and erosion: the R.Q. (warning to poor) of the road is so bad that the traffic is driving on tracks on both sides and in the drains: 60 to 80 km/h are difficult to maintain. The gradeability is poor.

D3629	Tsumeb	3,4 5,8	DR3606 (Olukonda)-End of road (Okaloko)	22	A/E	Graded every second week. The original wearing course (calcrete) has been removed by E.B. grader maintenance (width of road increased from an original 6,00 m wearing course to � 10,00 m.). The in-situ N.P. to S.P. fine, white sand is susceptible to high corrosion and erosion: but due to lower traffic loads the section of D3629 has a R.Q. from fair to warning with a maintained speed of 88-90 km/h.
D3630	Tsumeb	0,0 13,1	T0111 (Onyati)-DR3631 (Onyuulaye)	34	Labour-based Construction A/E	Graded every second week. The in-situ N.P. to S.P. fine, white sand is susceptible to high corrosion (fixed corrugation) and erosion R.Q. from fair to warning with a maintained speed of 88-90 km/h. See: Photo 005
D3630	Tsumeb	13,1 80,0	D3631 (Onyuulaye)-D3603 (Ohumbula	9	Labour-based Construction E	Graded every second week. Gradeability and R.Q. of the silcrete/gypscrete material are good.
D3631	Tsumeb	0,0 20,5	D3603 (east of Okankolo)-D3630 (Onyuulaye)	10	Labour-based Construction E	Graded every second week. Gradeability and R.Q. of the silcrete/gypscrete material are good.
M0075	Tsumeb	11,6 21,2	End of Seal-D3047	79	E	Graded every second week. Good calcrete wearing course with some oversize material. Gradeability and R.Q. are good.
M0075	Tsumeb	21,2 27,9	D3047-D3039	79	E	Graded every second week. Good calcrete wearing course with some oversize material. Gradeability and R.Q. are good.
M0075	Tsumeb	27,9 61,2	D3039-D3001	79	E	Graded every second week. Good calcrete wearing course with some oversize material. Gradeability and R.Q. are good.
M0075	Tsumeb	61,2 65,0	D3001-D3016 (Tsintsabis)	79	E	Graded every second week. Good calcrete wearing course with some oversize material. Gradeability and R.Q. are good.
M0075	Tsumeb	65,0 65,2	D3016 (Tsintsabis)-D3600	79	E	Graded every second week. Good calcrete wearing course with some oversize material. Gradeability and R.Q. are good.
M0121	Tsumeb	21,6 23,4	M0121: End of Seal (Oshigambo)-Reg.Border (Ohangwena)	535	A/E	The in-situ fill consists of N.P. to S.P. sands and the one layer wearing course consists of poor sandy calcretes. It is loose in places and is susceptible to some corrosion and erosion. The R.Q. is fair to poor (warning) and the gradeability tends to warning. This section of M0121 is graded every week.

Note to table 31: Classification of Wearing Courses for Gravel and Earth Roads (Draft TRH 20)

	Class A: Erodible Materials: Shrinkage Product between 100 and 370 (100-150: can perform satisfactorily: is finely graded: prone to erosion by water; 150-250: high gravel losses due to erosion; 250-370: ); Grading Coefficient: between 0 and 15,8;
	Class B: Material ravels and corrugates: Shrinkage Product between 0 and 100 (2-50: rough; 50-100: lack of cohesion: loose material); Grading Coefficient: between 0 and 48,0;
	Class C: Material ravels: Shrinkage Product between 100 and 370; Grading Coefficient: between 34,0 and 48,0 (fine gap graded gravels: no cohesion, loose material);
	Class D: Material is slippery: Shrinkage Product between 370 and 550 (depending on PI: 4 to 18 and GM: 1,1 to 1,5 to 1,9; Grading Coefficient: between 0 and 48,0;

Class E: Material is good (but may be dusty): Shrinkage Product between 100 and 370; Grading Coefficient: between 16,0 and 34,0 (restrict oversize material to recommended limits: � 5% + 37,5 mm);

PHOTOS:

Photo 001: D2863: Kombat to ||Ghaub: 23 km from Kombat: View to the Northeast: Otjozondjupa Region
Copyright of Photo: Dr. Klaus Dierks

Photo 002: D2863: Kombat to ||Ghaub: 30 km from Kombat: View to the South: Oshikoto Region
Copyright of Photo: Dr. Klaus Dierks

Photo 003: D3001: D3047-M0075: 8 km west of M0075: View to West
Copyright of Photo: Dr. Klaus Dierks

Photo 004: D3016: M0075 (Tsintsabis) to D3017: 8 km from Tsintsabis: View to the East
Copyright of Photo: Dr. Klaus Dierks

Photo 005: D3630: T0111 (Onyati) to D3631 (Onyuulaye): 16 km from T0111 at Onyati: View to the West
Copyright of Photo: Dr. Klaus Dierks

5.1.2 OSHANA REGION

The findings of the field trips for unpaved roads in the Oshana Region are summarised in table 32:

TABLE 32: FINDINGS OF THE FIELD SURVEY: UNPAVED ROADS: OSHANA REGION

Road No.	District	Start-End Km	Stations	EAADT	Pavement Type	Findings of the Field Survey
D3605	Ondangwa	1,65 12,8	End of Paved Section (D3605)-End of built road (Uukwiyo)	18	Labour-based Construction A/E	Graded every second week. The original wearing course (calcrete) has been removed by E.B. grader maintenance (width of road increased from an original 6,00 m wearing course to � 10,00 m.). The in-situ N.P. to S.P. fine, white sand is susceptible to high corrosion and erosion: but due to lower traffic loads D3605 has a R.Q. from fair to warning with a maintained speed of 80-90 km/h. See: Photo 006
D3605	Ondangwa	12,8 66,5	End of built road (Uukwiyo)-Dist.Border (Oshakati)	18	Not built as yet	Not travelled
D3606	Ondangwa	0,0 4,3 (the total distance from D 3629 to Oluno is � 6 km)	D3605-approx. Oluno prison (verify distance)	15	Labour-based Construction A/E	Graded every second week. The original wearing course (calcrete) has been removed by E.B. grader maintenance (width of road increased from an original 6,00 m wearing course to � 10,00 m.). The in-situ N.P. to S.P. fine, white sand is susceptible to high corrosion and erosion: but due to lower traffic loads D3606 has a R.Q. from good to warning with a maintained speed of 80-90 km/h.
D3606	Ondangwa	4,3 6,7 (the total distance from D 3629 to Oluno is � 6 km)	Approx. Oluno prison-Reg.Border (Oshikoto)-(Olukonda) (verify distance)	16	Labour-based Construction	Graded every second week. The original wearing course (calcrete) has been removed by E.B. grader maintenance (width of road increased from an original 6,00 m wearing course to � 10,00 m.). The in-situ N.P. to S.P. fine, white sand is susceptible to high corrosion and erosion: but due to lower traffic loads D3606 has a R.Q. from good to warning with a maintained speed of 80-90 km/h.
D3636	Ondangwa	0,0 8,9	M0092 (Okaku)-Dist.Border (Oshakati)	47	Labour-based Construction	Under construction. See: Photos 007 to 012

D3637	Ondangwa	0,0 17,6	M0092 (Okapya)-D3638 (Ohalushu)	20	Labour-based Construction	Under construction See: Photo 031
D3638	Ondangwa	10,2 13,1	(Ongha)-Reg.Border (Ohangwena)-D3637 (Ohalushu)	10	Labour-based Construction	Under construction
D3638	Ondangwa	13,1 25,9	D3637 (Ohalushu)-Dist.Border (Oshakati)	10	Labour-based Construction	Under construction
D3605	Oshakati	66,5 90,8	Dist.Border (Ondangwa)-Reg.Border (Omusati)	18	Not built as yet	Not travelled
D3607	Oshakati	0,0 14,8	M0092 (Oshakati)-Ompundja	23	Labour-based Construction A/E	Graded every second week. The original wearing course (calcrete) has been removed by E.B. grader maintenance (width of road increased from an original 6,00 m wearing course to � 10,00 m.). The in-situ N.P. to S.P. fine, white sand is susceptible to some corrosion and erosion: but due to lower traffic loads D3607 has a R.Q. from fair to warning with a maintained speed of 80-90 km/h.
D3609	Oshakati	0,0 10,7	M0092 (west of Oshakati)-Reg.Border (Omusati)	50		The in-situ S.P. fine, white sand is susceptible to some corrosion and erosion. The sandy calcrete wearing course (re-gravelled � 1995) gives a reasonable R.Q. (good to warning) and gradeability. D3609 is graded once a week. A speed of 80-90 km/h can be maintained.
D3636	Oshakati	8,9 24,5	Dist.Border (Ondangwa)- Onakamwandi	47	Labour-based Construction	Under construction
D3638	Oshakati	25,9 30,3	Dist.Border (Ondangwa)-M0092 (Eko)	10	Labour-based Construction	Under construction
D3647	Oshakati	0,0 � 10,0	M0120 (Ombwata- Reg.Border (Ohangwena)-(Ongenga)		Not built as yet (crossing Oshanas Epundi and Okahenge)

M0120

Oshakati

6,3 11,8

(M0092)-(End of Seal at Oshana Okatana)-Reg.Border (Ohangwena)-(Endola)

A/E

M0120 is only built to Endola.

From Endola to Omafu it still has to be constructed.

The in-situ fill consists of N.P. to S.P. sands and the one layer wearing course consists of poor sandy calcretes. It is loose in places and is susceptible to some corrosion and erosion.

The R.Q. is fair to poor (warning) and the gradeability tends to warning.

This section of M0120 is graded every week.

Note to table 32: Classification of Wearing Courses for Gravel and Earth Roads (Draft TRH 20)

	Class A: Erodible Materials: Shrinkage Product between 100 and 370 (100-150: can perform satisfactorily: is finely graded: prone to erosion by water; 150-250: high gravel losses due to erosion; 250-370: ); Grading Coefficient: between 0 and 15,8;
	Class B: Material ravels and corrugates: Shrinkage Product between 0 and 100 (2-50: rough; 50-100: lack of cohesion: loose material); Grading Coefficient: between 0 and 48,0;
	Class C: Material ravels: Shrinkage Product between 100 and 370; Grading Coefficient: between 34,0 and 48,0 (fine gap graded gravels: no cohesion, loose material);
	Class D: Material is slippery: Shrinkage Product between 370 and 550 (depending on PI: 4 to 18 and GM: 1,1 to 1,5 to 1,9; Grading Coefficient: between 0 and 48,0;

Class E: Material is good (but may be dusty): Shrinkage Product between 100 and 370; Grading Coefficient: between 16,0 and 34,0 (restrict oversize material to recommended limits: � 5% + 37,5 mm);

PHOTOS:

Photo 006: D3605: End of Seal(Oluno) to End of built D3605: km 5,5 from End of Seal (Oluno): View to the North-East
Copyright of Photo: Dr. Klaus Dierks

Photos 007 to 012: D3636: Main Road 92 (Northwest of Ondangwa) to End (Onakamwandi): Labour-based Construction: Task Work: 4 m� per Task for approx. US$ 2,20 per Task: Up to 4 Tasks can be managed by some People: Labour-based Road Building was introduced in Namibia, against the Resistance of many conservative, South Africa trained Engineers, by the Author of this Study at Independence: After many Years of Research and many Trials, Namibia is now a Leader in Labour-based Technology in Africa: Project financed by German Kreditanstalt f�r Wiederaufbau
Copyright of Photos: M Engelien

5.1.3 OHANGWENA REGION

The findings of the field trips for unpaved roads in the Ohangwena Region are summarised in table 33:

TABLE 33: FINDINGS OF THE FIELD SURVEY: UNPAVED ROADS: OHANGWENA REGION

Road No.	District	Start-End Km	Stations	EAADT	Pavement Type	Findings of the Field Survey
D3600	Eenhana	113,3 128,4	Reg.Border (Oshikoto)-M0110	5	Not built as yet	Not travelled
D3602	Eenhana	0,0 3,5	Elundu-M0110	37	A/E	The in-situ S.P. fine, white sand is susceptible to some corrosion and erosion. The sandy calcrete wearing course gives a good R.Q. and gradeability. D3602 is graded once a month.
D3602	Eenhana	3,5 50,6	M0110-Reg.Border (Oshikoto)-(Okankolo)	37		The in-situ S.P. fine, white sand is susceptible to some corrosion and erosion. The sandy calcrete wearing course gives a good R.Q. and gradeability. D3602 is graded once a month.
D3603	Eenhana	132,9 153,1	Reg.Border (Oshikoto)-M0110 (Okongo)	4	Not built as yet	Not travelled
D3604	Eenhana	0,0 11,7	M0121-Uukango	3	Not built as yet	Not travelled
D3608	Eenhana	3,5 29,1	End of Seal (Engela)-Ongenga-D3609	38	E	D3608 was re-gravelled with fine-graded calcrete in 2000 and gradeability and R.Q. are good. D3608 is graded once a week. See: Photos 013 and 014
D3608	Eenhana	29,1 35,3	D3609-Reg.Border (Omusati)	50	E	D3608 was re-gravelled with fine-graded calcrete in 2000 and gradeability and R.Q. are good. D3608 is graded once a week.
D3609	Eenhana	24,8 36,9	(Oshakati)-Reg.Border (Omusati)-Omungwelume-D3608	50	A/E	The in-situ S.P. fine, white sand is susceptible to some corrosion and erosion. The sandy calcrete wearing course (re-gravelled � 1995) gives a reasonable R.Q. (good to warning) and gradeability. D3609 is graded once a week. A speed of 80-90 km/h can be maintained. See: Photo 015
D3624	Eenhana	0,0 14,6	M0110 (14,5 km east of Elundu Junction)-End of Road (Omunghaundilo)	14	Equipment-based Construction A/E	The in-situ S.P. fine, white sand is susceptible to some corrosion and erosion. The sandy calcrete wearing course gives a reasonable R.Q. (good to warning) and gradeability. D3624 is graded once a month. A speed of 80-90 km/h can be maintained.
D3625	Eenhana	0,0 24,7	M0110 (18,7 km east of Omafo: Ondobe)-Reg.Border (Oshikoto)-(Oshigambo)	15	Labour-based Construction A/E	Graded every second week Gravelled by fair calcrete gravel Gradeability and R.Q. are good. The original cross section of the road has not been properly maintained. A speed of 80-90 km/h can be maintained. See: Photo 017
D3638	Eenhana	0,0 10,2	T0111 (Ongha)-Reg.Border (Oshana)	6	Labour-based Construction	Under construction
D3639	Eenhana	0,0 24,4	T0111 (north of Junction with D3608: south of Oshikango)-Odibo-M0110 (Junction with D3625)	190	Not built as yet	Not travelled
D3647	Eenhana	� 10,0 � 31,5	Reg.Border (Ohangwena)-D3608 (Ongenga)		Not built as yet (crossing Oshanas Epundi and Okahenge)	See photo 17
M0110	Eenhana	71,9 86,4	End of Seal (D3602: Elundu Junction)-D3624	50	A/E	The in-situ N.P. to S.P. fine, white sand is susceptible to some corrosion and erosion. The sandy calcrete wearing course (re-gravelled 2000) gives a poor R.Q. (warning) and gradeability (warning), and under heavy traffic dust results in many accidents. Some powder holes were observed. M0110 is graded once a week. A speed of 80-90 km/h can be maintained.
M0110	Eenhana	86,4 124,1	D3624-D3603 (Okongo)	50	A/E	The in-situ N.P. to S.P. fine, white sand is susceptible to some corrosion and erosion. The sandy calcrete wearing course (re-gravelled 2000) gives a poor R.Q. (warning) and gradeability (warning), and under heavy traffic dust results in many accidents. Some powder holes were observed. M0110 is graded once a week. The last 20 km to Okongo are presently re-gravelled with good calcrete: here the R.Q. and gradeability are good. A speed of 80-90 km/h can be maintained. See: Photo 018
M0110	Eenhana	124,1 204,6	D3603 (Okongo)-D3600	50	A/E/B	The in-situ fill consists of N.P. to S.P. sands and the one layer wearing course consists of poor sandy calcretes. It is loose in places and is susceptible to some corrosion and erosion. The R.Q. is fair to poor (warning) and the gradeability tends to warning. This section of M0110 is graded every second week.
M0110	Eenhana	204,6 208,8	D3600-Reg.Border (Kavango)	50		The in-situ fill consists of N.P. to S.P. sands and the one layer wearing course consists of poor sandy calcretes. It is loose in places and is susceptible to some corrosion and erosion. The R.Q. is fair to poor (warning) and the gradeability tends to warning. This section of M0110 is graded every second week.
M0120	Eenhana	11,8 22,7	Reg.Border (Oshana)-Endola	72	A/E	The in-situ fill consists of N.P. to S.P. sands and the one layer wearing course consists of poor sandy calcretes. It is loose in places and is susceptible to some corrosion and erosion. The R.Q. is fair to poor (warning) and the gradeability tends to warning.
M0120	Eenhana	22,7 42,5	Endola- T0111 (Omafo)	72	Not built as yet	Not travelled
M0121	Eenhana	23.4 39,0	Reg.Border (Oshikoto)-D3604	82	A/E	The in-situ fill consists of N.P. to S.P. sands and the one layer wearing course consists of poor sandy calcretes. It is loose in places and is susceptible to some corrosion and erosion. The R.Q. is fair to poor (warning) and the gradeability tends to warning. This section of M0121 is graded every week.
M0121	Eenhana	39,0 67,3	D3604-M0110 (Eenhana)	82	A/E	The in-situ fill consists of N.P. to S.P. sands and the one layer wearing course consists of poor sandy calcretes. It is loose in places and is susceptible to some corrosion and erosion. The R.Q. is fair to poor (warning) and the gradeability tends to warning. This section of M0121 is graded every week.

Note to table 33: Classification of Wearing Courses for Gravel and Earth Roads (Draft TRH 20)

	Class A: Erodible Materials: Shrinkage Product between 100 and 370 (100-150: can perform satisfactorily: is finely graded: prone to erosion by water; 150-250: high gravel losses due to erosion; 250-370: ); Grading Coefficient: between 0 and 15,8;
	Class B: Material ravels and corrugates: Shrinkage Product between 0 and 100 (2-50: rough; 50-100: lack of cohesion: loose material); Grading Coefficient: between 0 and 48,0;
	Class C: Material ravels: Shrinkage Product between 100 and 370; Grading Coefficient: between 34,0 and 48,0 (fine gap graded gravels: no cohesion, loose material);
	Class D: Material is slippery: Shrinkage Product between 370 and 550 (depending on PI: 4 to 18 and GM: 1,1 to 1,5 to 1,9; Grading Coefficient: between 0 and 48,0;

Class E: Material is good (but may be dusty): Shrinkage Product between 100 and 370; Grading Coefficient: between 16,0 and 34,0 (restrict oversize material to recommended limits: � 5% + 37,5 mm);

PHOTOS:

Photo 013: D3608: From End of Seal at Engela to M0092 at Outapi: 5,0 km west of Engela: View to the West
Copyright of Photo: Dr. Klaus Dierks

Photo 014: D3608: From End of Seal at Engela to M0092 at Outapi: 2,0 km west of Ongenga: View to the East
Copyright of Photo: Dr. Klaus Dierks

Photo 015: D3609: D3608 (Ongenga) to M0092 (north-west of Oshakati): 2,0 km north of Omungwelume: View to the North
Copyright of Photo: Dr. Klaus Dierks

Photo 016: D3625: M0121 (Oshigambo) to M0110 (Ondobe): km 2,0 from Oshikoto/Ohangwena Border: Access to Onamkulo School: View to the South
Copyright of Photo: Dr. Klaus Dierks

District Road 3647 between Ombwata near Endola and Ongenga in the Ohangwena Region: Road proclaimed but not built yet
Copyright of Photo: Dr. Klaus Dierks

Photo 046: M0110: From Elundu Junction (D3602) to Okongo: 5 km west of Okongo: new Gravel Section: View to the West
Copyright of Photo: Dr. Klaus Dierks

5.1.4 OMUSATI REGION

The findings of the field trips for unpaved roads in the Omusati Region are summarised in table 34:

TABLE 34: FINDINGS OF THE FIELD SURVEY: UNPAVED ROADS: OMUSATI REGION

Road No.	District	Start-End Km	Stations	EAADT	Pavement Type	Findings of the Field Survey
D3605	Outapi	90,8 225,1	Reg.Border (Oshana)-M0067 (Otjondeka)	19	Not built as yet	Not travelled
D3608	Outapi	35,3 60,1	Reg.Border (Ohangwena)-D3611 (Okalongo)	40	E (10: Cape13 in Okalongo)	Re-gravelled recently: The R.Q. and gradeability are both good. Graded once a week. � 2 km paving with Cape 13 single seal layer in Okalongo Town in progress)
D3608	Outapi	60,1 99,1	D3611 (Okalongo)-Anamulenge-M0092 (Outapi)	10	Labour-based Construction: A/E (10: Cape13: 1,0 km from M0092 to RC Mission Station Anamulenge))	Gravelling to Anamulenge (1 km north of M0092) with sandy calcrete material is in progress: The R.Q. and gradeability are both good (to warning in places). Graded every second week. The L.B. constructed section consists of in-situ material only and R.Q. and gradeability tend both to warning, but the gravelling improves the situation. The last section from M0092 to Anamulenge RC Mission Station gets a Cape 13 single seal layer. See: Photos 019 and 020
D3609	Outapi	10,7 24,8	Reg. Border (Oshana)-Reg.Border (Ohangwena)	50	A/E	The in-situ S.P. fine, white sand is susceptible to some corrosion and erosion. The sandy calcrete wearing course (re-gravelled � 1995) gives a reasonable R.Q. (good to warning) and gradeability. D3609 is graded once a week. A speed of 80-90 km/h can be maintained.
D3611	Outapi	5,5 28,8	(M0092 (Oshikuku)-End of Seal-D3608 (Okalongo)	57	15: G6 40: G6 50: G10	Gravelled Section to km 5,5 (north of M0092 at Oshikuku). Good R.Q. and gradeability. Graded once a week.
D3614	Outapi	0,0 21,0	M0111 (Okahao)-M0122 (5 km west of MR 0111)		Labour-based Construction	Under Construction
D3615	Outapi	0,0 15,8	M0092 (Oshikuku)-Elim-M0111	38	E	Recently re-gravelled with calcrete wearing course and drainage structures which make D3615 an all-weather road. Good R.Q. and gradeability Graded once a week See: Photo 021

D3616	Outapi	0,0 20,0	M0092 (west of Mahenene: Epalela)-D3617 (Onesi)	47	E	Constructed with engineered calcrete wearing course around 1995. Good R.Q. and gradeability Graded once a week
D3616	Outapi	20,0 47,8	D3617 (Onesi)-M0123 (Tsandi)	41	Labour-based Construction E	Recently re-gravelled with calcrete wearing course and drainage structures which make D3616 an all-weather road. Good R.Q. and gradeability Graded once a week
D3617	Outapi	0.0 43,5	M0067- D3616 (Onesi)	20	E	Recently re-gravelled with calcrete wearing course. Good R.Q. and gradeability Graded once a month. See: Photo 022
D3618	Outapi	4,6 23,1	Ruacana Town (End of Seal)-Reg.Border (Kunene)-(D3700)	5	Not built as yet	Not travelled
D3619	Outapi	0,0 14,0	M0111-Onaanda	20	Labour-based Construction A/E/B	This was the first L.B. constructed earth road in the North. The in-situ S.P. to N.P. fine, white sand is susceptible to corrosion and erosion. The R.Q. is poor and the original cross section of the road not maintained. D3619 is on the programme to be gravelled soon. Graded once every second week.
D3626	Outapi	0.0 13,9	M0111 (Okahao)-Etilyasa	13	Labour-based Construction A/E	The in-situ S.P. to N.P. fine, white sand is susceptible to some corrosion and erosion. The sandy calcrete wearing course gives a reasonable R.Q. (good to warning) and gradeability. D3626 is graded every third week. A speed of 80-90 km/h can be maintained. See: Photo 023
D3627	Outapi	0,0 6,2	M0092-Angola Border (Calueque)	49	E	The sandy calcrete wearing course gives a reasonable R.Q. (good) and gradeability. D3626 is graded every week.
D3628	Outapi	0,0 1,7	M0092-Angola Border (Ruacana)		Paved to NamPower Transmission Station at Ruacana: N.D. Last 0,65 km: A/B	The last 0,65 km from the end of seal near the NamPower Transmission Station to the Ruacana Namibia/Angola Border Post is not paved and only occasionally maintained by a grader. The section was not properly constructed and the R.Q. is poor.
D3633	Outapi	0,0 21,6	D3612 (Tsandi)-Omugulu-gOmbashe	22	E	The sandy calcrete wearing course gives a reasonable R.Q. (good) and gradeability. The recently (2001) put in drainage structures make D3633 an all-weather road. D3633 is graded every third week. See: Photo 024
D3635	Outapi	0,0 14,3	M0111 (Okahao)-Amwaanda	10	Labour-based Construction E	The sandy calcrete wearing course gives a reasonable R.Q. (good) and gradeability. D3635 is graded every third week.
D3700	Outapi	0,0 2,1	M0092 (Ruacana)-Reg.Border (Kunene)	42	Not built as yet	Very poor R.Q. Sections of D3700 are occasionally under flood water from the Kunene River. Occasionally maintained by grader (to Swartboois Drift) Photos 25 to 29
M0067	Outapi	211,0 233,8	Reg.Border (Kunene)-Werda Gate	113	E	The calcrete gravel wearing course gives a good R.Q. Full all-weather road Graded once a week (by Kunene Region)
M0067	Outapi	233,8 255,6	Werda Gate-Kowares	113	E	The calcrete gravel wearing course gives a good R.Q. Full all-weather road Graded once a week (by Kunene Region)
M0067	Outapi	255,6 293,5	Kowares-D3709	113	E	The calcrete gravel wearing course gives a good R.Q. Full all-weather road Graded once a week (by Kunene Region)
M0067	Outapi	293,5 297,5	D3709-D3605 (Otjondeka)	113	E	The calcrete gravel wearing course gives a good R.Q. Full all-weather road Graded once a week (by Kunene Region)
M0067	Outapi	297,5 358,9	D3605 (Otjondeka)-M0100/M0122	113	E	The calcrete gravel wearing course gives a good R.Q. Full all-weather road Graded once a week (by Kunene Region)
M0067	Outapi	358,9 379,1	M0100/M0122-Reg.Border (Kunene)	113	E	The calcrete gravel wearing course gives a good R.Q. Full all-weather road Graded once a week (by Kunene Region)
M0067	Outapi	379,1 418,3	Reg.Border (Kunene)-D3617	113	E	The calcrete gravel wearing course gives a good R.Q. Full all-weather road Graded once a week (by Kunene Region)
M0067	Outapi	418,3 443,6	D3617-M0092	113	E	The calcrete gravel wearing course gives a good R.Q. Full all-weather road Graded once a week (by Kunene Region)
M0122	Outapi	0,0 95,2	M0067-M0111 (12 km west of Okahao)	55	Not built as yet	M0122 is under design (presently surveyed) Photo: 030

M0123	Outapi	0,0 30,3	M0092 (Outapi)-D3616 (Tsandi)	144	A/E	The sandy calcrete wearing course gives a reasonable R.Q. (good) and gradeability. Graded once a week. A speed of 80-90 km/h can be maintained. Photos 031 and 032
M0123	Outapi	30,3 31,1	D3616 (Tsandi)-D3633 (Tsandi)	95	E	M0123 is currently under re-gravelling. The sandy calcrete wearing course gives a good R.Q. and gradeability. Graded once a week. A speed of 90-100 km/h can be maintained.
M0123	Outapi	31,1 55,2	D3633 (Tsandi)-M0111 (Okahao)	95	E	M0123 is currently under re-gravelling. The sandy calcrete wearing course gives a good R.Q. and gradeability. Graded once a week. A speed of 90-100 km/h can be maintained.

Note to table 34: Classification of Wearing Courses for Gravel and Earth Roads (Draft TRH 20)

	Class A: Erodible Materials: Shrinkage Product between 100 and 370 (100-150: can perform satisfactorily: is finely graded: prone to erosion by water; 150-250: high gravel losses due to erosion; 250-370: ); Grading Coefficient: between 0 and 15,8;
	Class B: Material ravels and corrugates: Shrinkage Product between 0 and 100 (2-50: rough; 50-100: lack of cohesion: loose material); Grading Coefficient: between 0 and 48,0;
	Class C: Material ravels: Shrinkage Product between 100 and 370; Grading Coefficient: between 34,0 and 48,0 (fine gap graded gravels: no cohesion, loose material);
	Class D: Material is slippery: Shrinkage Product between 370 and 550 (depending on PI: 4 to 18 and GM: 1,1 to 1,5 to 1,9; Grading Coefficient: between 0 and 48,0;

Class E: Material is good (but may be dusty): Shrinkage Product between 100 and 370; Grading Coefficient: between 16,0 and 34,0 (restrict oversize material to recommended limits: � 5% + 37,5 mm);

PHOTOS:

Photoa 019 and 020: D3608: From End of Seal at Engela to M0092 at Outapi: 7 km west of Okalongo: Gravelled Section on Labour-Based constructed In-situ Material: View to the East
Copyright of Photos: Dr. Klaus Dierks

Photo 021: D3615: From M0092 at Oshikuku via Elim to M0111: 5 km south of M0092 (Oshikuku): View to the North
Copyright of Photo: Dr. Klaus Dierks

Photo 022: D3617: From Onesi to M0067: 2,0 km north-west of Onesi: View to the North-West
Copyright of Photo: Dr. Klaus Dierks

Photo 023: D3626: From M0111 at Okahao to Etilyasa: 2,0 km south-west of M0111 (Okahao): View to the South-East
Copyright of Photo: Dr. Klaus Dierks

Photo 024: D3633: From Tsandi to Omugulu-g’Ombashe (End of Road): 0,2 km south of M0123 (Tsandi): View to the West
Copyright of Photo: Dr. Klaus Dierks

Photos 025 to 29: D3700: From End of M0092 (Ruacana) to the Omusati/Kunene Regional Border (and further to Swartbooisdrift): Rainy Season: 2001/2002
Copyright of Photos Dr. Klaus Dierks

Photo 030: M0122: 78 km east of M0067: View to the East
Copyright of Photo Dr. Klaus Dierks

Photo 031: M0122: 79 km east of M0067: View to the East
Copyright of Photo Dr. Klaus Dierks

Photo 032: M0123: Outapi-Tsandi: 4 km west of M0092 (Outapi): View to the South
Copyright of Photo Dr. Klaus Dierks

Photo 033: M0123: Outapi-Tsandi: 20 km west of M0092 (Outapi): View to the South
Copyright of Photo Dr. Klaus Dierks

5.2 PAVED ROADS

5.2.1 OSHIKOTO REGION

The findings of the field trips for paved roads in the Oshikoto Region are shown in table 35:

TABLE 35: FINDINGS OF THE FIELD SURVEY: PAVED ROADS: OSHIKOTO REGION

Road No.	District	Start-End Km	Stations	EAADT	Pavement Type	Findings of the Field Survey
M0072	Tsumeb	33,4 42,9	Reg.Border (Otjozondjupa)-D3021	470	9: DE (1992) 10: Cape19 20: G3 LL (Dolomite) 30: G5/G6 40: G7 41: G6M/G7M 50: ND	Pavement in good order. At isolated spots there are some Basecourse failures at western side.
M0072	Tsumeb	42,9 55,8	D3021-T0109-T0110 (Tsumeb)	470	9: DE (1992) 10: Cape19 20: G3 LL (Dolomite) 30: G5/G6 40:G7 41: G6M 50: ND	Pavement in good order. At isolated spots there are some Basecourse failures at western side.
M0075	Tsumeb	0,0 3,9	T0109-T0110-M0072 (Tsumeb)-Tsumeb	410	10-50: ND	Pavement in good order.
M0075	Tsumeb	3,9 4,3	Tsumeb-Railway Level Crossing	410	10-50: ND	Pavement in good order.
M0075	Tsumeb	4,3 11,6	Railway Level Crossing -End of Seal	410	8: 4,83-5,7: Cape13 (1990) 9: 4,48-4,83: C11 (1987) 9: 4,83-5,7: SLF (1987) 9: 5,7-5,78: Cape13 (1990) 9: 5,78-11,6: SLF (1990) 10: 4,48-4,83: T13D 10: 4,83-5,7: T7 10: 5,7-11,6: T13D 20-50: ND	Pavement in good order. Some sealed cracking.
M0084	Tsumeb	0,0 5,8	T0110-D3028	120	9: 0,0-0,8: AG (1981) 9: 0,8-5,8: SLF (1984) 10: T13S 20: G4 SC (Calcrete/ Sandstone) 30: G5 40: G6 41: G6 50: ND	Pavement in good order. Some sealed cracking.
M0084	Tsumeb	5,8 24,6	D3028-Von Lindequist Gate: Etosha	100	9: SLF (1984) 10: T13S 20: G4 SC (Calcrete/ Sandstone) 30: G5 40: G6 41: G6/G7 50: ND	Pavement in good order. Some sealed cracking.
M0084	Tsumeb	24,6 35,5	Von Lindequist Gate: Etosha- Namutoni Rest Camp	100	9: SLF (1984) 10: T13S 20: G4 SC (Calcrete/ Sandstone) 30: G5 40: G6 41: G6/G8 50: ND	Pavement in good order. Some sealed cracking.
M0121	Tsumeb	0,0 20,4	T0111 (Onathindi)-Onandjokwe-Oshigambo	3 735	Labour-based construction ND	Good Quality L.B. built Paved Road.
M0121	Tsumeb	20,4 21,7	D3625 (Oshigambo)-End of Seal (Oshigambo)	3 735	Labour-based construction ND	Good Quality L.B. built Paved Road: Routine Maintenance
T0109	Tsumeb	33,8 61,3	(Otavi)-Reg.Border (Otjozondjupa)-Carriageway Change	735	9: Cape13 (1978) 10: 33,8-49,8: SCP (1959/60) 10: 49,8-51,2: Cape13 (1979) 10: 51,2-61,3: SCP (1959) 20-50: ND	T0109 was built 1959/60 and resealed in 1978. Although the pavement is still in a fair condition it shows signs of pavement distress. See: Photos 034 to 039
T0109	Tsumeb	61,3 61,9	Carriageway Change-T0110-M0072/M0075 (Tsumeb Intersection)	735	9: Cape13 (1978) 10: SCP (1959) 20-50: ND	T0109 was built 1959/60 and resealed in 1978. Although the pavement is still in a fair condition it shows signs of pavement distress.
T0110	Tsumeb	0,0 6,5	T0109/M0072 (Tsumeb Intersection)-Old M0083 (Access Road to Tsumeb)	780	8: AG (1981) 9: DE (1977) 10: ST2 20: G3 LL (Dolomite) 30: G6 40: G6 41: G6/G10 50: ND	Pavement in good order. Some sealed cracking.
T0110	Tsumeb	6,5 9,7	Old M0083-D3007	780	8: AG (1981) 9: DE (1977) 10: ST2/AC 20: G4 CC (Calcrete) 30: G6/G5 40: G6 41: G10 50: ND	Pavement in good order. Some sealed cracking.
T0110	Tsumeb	9,7 25,7	D3007-D3043	710	8: AG (1981) 9: DE (1977) 10: AC 20: G4 CC (Calcrete) 30: G5 40: G6/G7 41: G10/G7 50: ND	Pavement in good order. Some sealed cracking.
T0110	Tsumeb	25,7 39,4	D3043-D3003	710	8: AG (1981) 9: DE (1977) 10: AC 20: G4 CC (Calcrete) 30: G5 40: G7/G6 41: G7/G10/G8/ G10 50: ND	Pavement in good order. Some sealed cracking.
T0110	Tsumeb	39,4 61,0	D3003-D3004	710	8: AG (1981) 9: DE (1977) 10: AC 20: G4 CC (Calcrete) 30: G5 40: G6/G4/G6 41: G10/G7 50: ND	Pavement in good order. Some sealed cracking.
T0110	Tsumeb	61.0 75,5	D3004-M0084	710	8: AG (1981) 9: DE (1977) 10: AC 20: G4 CC (Calcrete) 30: G5 40: G6 41: G7/G10/G7/ G9/G8 50: ND	Pavement in good order. Some sealed cracking.
T0110	Tsumeb	75,5 84,0	M0084-D3001	710	8: AG (1981) 9: DE (1977) 10: AC 20: G4 CC (Calcrete) 40: G6/G7 41: G9/G7/G10 50: ND	Pavement in good order. Some sealed cracking.
T0110	Tsumeb	84,0 94,8	D3001-Oshivelo	710	8: AG (1981) 9: DE (1977) 10: AC 20: G4 CC (Calcrete) 30: G5 40: G7/G6 41: G10/G7/G10 50: ND	Pavement in good order. Some sealed cracking.
T0111	Tsumeb	0,0 92,2	Oshivelo-D3630 (Onyati)	710	5: N.D. 6: 24,9-92,2: DE (1992) 7: 18,0-20,3: DE (1992) 7: 20,3-24,9: Cape13 (1990) 7: 24,9-92,2: Cape13 (1990) 8: 0,0-28,8: AG (1980) 8: 29,08-92,2: AG (1980) 9: 0,0- 92,2: DE (1973) 10: 0,0-28.8: AC (1968) 10: 28,8-29,08: AG (1968) 10: 29,08-92,2: AC (1968) 20-50: ND	T0111 was recently rehabilitated. Some shrubs on shoulders.
T0111	Tsumeb	92,2 126,0	D3630 (Onyati)-D3603	880	5: N.D. 6: 92,2-96,5: DE (1992) 7: 92,2-96,5: Cape13 (1990) 7: 96,5-126,0: SLF (1990) 8: 92,2-126,0: AG (1980) 9: 92,2-108,83: DE (1973) 9: 108,83-109,83: SLF (1990) 9: 109,83-126,0: DE (1973) 10: 92,2-108,83: AC (1968) 10: 108,83-109,83: AG (1968) 10: 109,83.126,0: AC (1968) 20-50: ND	T0111 was recently rehabilitated
T0111	Tsumeb	126,0 146,9	D3603- M0121 (Onathindi)	1 080	5: N.D. 6: N.D. 7: 126,0-146,9: SLF (1990) 8: 126,0-146,9: AG (1980) 9: 126,0-146,9: DE (1973) 10: 126,0-146,9: AC (1968) 20-50: ND	T0111 was recently rehabilitated

T0111	Tsumeb	146,9 147,3	M0121 (Onathindi)-D3629	1 380	7: 146,9-147,3: SLF (1990) 8: 146,9-147,3: AG (1980) 9: 146,9-147,3: DE (1973) 10: 146,9-147,3: AC (1968) 20-50: ND	T0111 was recently rehabilitated
T0111	Tsumeb	147,3 150,8	D3629-Reg.Border (Oshana) (southwest of Ondangwa)	2 200	5: N.D. 6: N.D. 7: 147,3-150,8: SLF (1990) 8: 147,3-150,8: AG (1980) 9: 147,3-150,8: DE (1973) 10: 147,3-150,8: AC (1968) 20-50: ND	T0111 was recently rehabilitated

Note to table 35:

LAYER CODE: Types from 00 - 55

10: bituminous surfacing (09:1.seal; 08:2.seal; 07:3.seal etc.)
20: basecourse; 30: subbase; 40: subgrade; 50: fill;
ND = No data or default (140 mm thickness).

CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS:

PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: PAVEMENT SURFACING AND STRUCTURAL LAYERS: NAMIBIA ROADS AUTHORITY

SCP	19 mm Single seal and asphalt (Koffiemoer)
D13/7	Double seal: Aggregate size 13,2 mm and 6,7 mm
Layer Code	Layer Description
AC	Asphalt Surfacing: Continuously graded
AG	Asphalt Surfacing: Gap graded
AO	Asphalt Surfacing: Open graded
AS	Asphalt Surfacing: Semi-gap graded
AP	Asphalt Surfacing: Porous (Drainage) asphlat
PCC	Portland cement concrete layer
PED	Prime layer, Emulsion and crusher dust
PES	Prime layer, Emulsion and sand
Cape13	Cape Seal: 13 mm single seal with 1 slurry application
Cape19	Cape Seal: 19 mm single seal with 2 slurry applications
D19/9	Double seal: Aggregate size 19,0 mm and 9,5 mm
D19/6	Double seal: Aggregate size 19,0 mm and 6,7 mm
SLF	Slurry: Fine grading
SLC	Slurry: Coarse grading
SLM	Slurry: Medium grading
RSS	Slurry: Rapid setting coarse grading
SS	Sand seal
ST1	Single seal: Stone size not available
ST2	Double seal: Stone size not available
T13D	Single seal and crusher dust: Emulsion +13,2 mm aggregate and crusher dust
T13S	Single seal and sand: Emulsion +13,2 mm aggregate and sand
T13G	Single seal and grit (Grit = Washed crusher dust)
T13	Single seal 13,2 mm: Emulsion + 13,2 mm aggregate
T9	Single seal 9,5 mm: Emulsion + 9,5 mm aggregate
T7	Single seal 6,7 mm: Emulsion + 6,7 mm aggregate
L13	Single seal 13,2 mm: Latex Emulsion + 13,2 mm aggregate
L13G	Single seal 13,2 mm and Grit: Latex Emulsion + 13,2 mm aggregate + Grit
L9	Single seal 9,5 mm: Latex Emulsion + 9,5 mm aggregate
L9G	Single seal 9,5 mm and Grit: Latex Emulsion + 9,5 mm aggregate + Grit
H13	Single seal 13,2 mm: Hot bitumen + 13,2 mm aggregate
H9	Single seal 9,5 mm: Hot bitumen + 9,5 mm aggregate
H7	Single seal 6,7 mm: Hot bitumen + 6,7 mm aggregate
M13	Single seal 13,2 mm: Modified hot bitumen + 13,2 mm aggregate
M9	Single seal 9,5 mm: Modified hot bitumen + 9,5 mm aggregate
REJ	Rejuvenator (e.g. MSP3)
DE	Diluted emulsion
XX	Unknown
G1	Graded crushed stone
G2	Graded crushed stone
G3	Graded crushed stone
G4	Crushed or natural gravel
G5	Natural gravel
G6	Natural gravel
G7	Gravel / Soil
G8	Gravel / Soil
G9	Gravel / Soil
G10	Gravel / Soil
C1	Cemented crushed stone or gravel
C2	Cemented crushed stone or gravel
C3	Cemented crushed stone or gravel
C4	Cemented crushed stone or gravel
BEM	Bitumen emulsion Modified gravel
BES	Bitumen emulsion Stabilised gravel
ND	No Data

PHOTOS:

Photos 034 and 035: T0109: Otavi-Tsumeb: Bobos Mountains Pass: approx. 20 km south of Tsumeb Intersection: View to the North
Copyright of Photos Dr. Klaus Dierks

Photo 036 to 038: T0109: Otavi-Tsumeb: Bobos Mountains Pass: Ch. 350 from Tsumeb Intersection: View to the South
Copyright of Photos Dr. Klaus Dierks

Photo 039: T0109: Otavi-Tsumeb: Bobos Mountains Pass: 5 km south of Tsumeb Intersection: View to the South
Copyright of Photos Dr. Klaus Dierks

5.2.2 OSHANA REGION

The findings of the field trips for paved roads in the Oshana Region are shown in table 36:

TABLE 36: FINDINGS OF THE FIELD SURVEY: PAVED ROADS: OSHANA REGION

Road No.	District	Start-End Km	Stations	EAADT	Pavement Type	Findings of the Field Survey
D3605	Ondangwa	0,0 1,2 * measured: 1,65 km	T0111 (Oluno)-End of Paved Section (D3606)	18	Paved Road (by Town Council Ondongwa)
M0092	Ondangwa	0,0 4,2	T0111 (Ondangwa)-D3636	3 700	7: N.D. 8: SLF (1990) 9: AG (1981) 10: AG (1969) 20: G4 30: G5/G4 40: G6/G7 50: G7	M0092 was recently rehabilitated.
M0092	Ondangwa	4,2 11,1	D3636-D3637	3 700	7: N.D. 8: SLF (1990) 9: AG (1981) 10: AG (1969) 20: G4 30: G4/G5 40: G7/G6 50: G7	M0092 was recently rehabilitated.
M0092	Ondangwa	11,1 18,1	D3637-Dist.Border (Oshakati)	3 700	7: N.D. 8: SLF (1990) 9: AG (1981) 10: AG (1969) 20: G4 30: G5/G4 40: G10 50: G7	M0092 was recently rehabilitated.
T0111	Ondangwa	150,8 151,8	Reg.Border (Oshikoto)-D3605	1 580	7: SLF (1990) 8: AG (1980) 9: DE (1973) 10: AC (1968) 20-50: ND	T0111 was recently rehabilitated.
T0111	Ondangwa	151,8 155,2	D3605-M0092 (Ondangwa)	1 510	7: SLF (1990) 8: AG (1980) 9: DE (1973) 10: AC (1968) 20-50: ND	T0111 was recently rehabilitated.
T0111	Ondangwa	155,2 182,8	M0092 (Ondangwa)-Reg.Border (Ohangwena)	1 450	10: SCP (1985) 20-50: ND
M0092	Oshakati	18,1 22,0	Dist.Border (Ondangwa)-D3638	3 700	9: AG (1981) 10: AG (1969) 20: G4 30: G4/G5M/G4 40: G10 50: G7	M0092 was recently rehabilitated.
M0092	Oshakati	22,0 32,7	D3638-D3607 (Oshakati)	3 700	8: N.D. 9: AG (1981) 10: AG (1969) 20: G4 30: G5 40: G10 50: G7/G6	M0092 was recently rehabilitated.
M0092	Oshakati	32,7 34,5	D3607 (Oshakati)-M0111 (Oshakati)	1 755	8: N.D. 9: SLF (1990) 10: SCP (1985) 20: G4 30: G5 40: G10 50: G8	M0092 was recently rehabilitated.
M0092	Oshakati	34,5 34,7	M0111 (Oshakati)-M0120 (Oshakati)	1 755	9: N.D. 10: SCP (1985) 20: G4 30: G5 40: G10 50: G8	M0092 was recently rehabilitated.
M0092	Oshakati	34,7 36,4	M0120 (Oshakati)-D3609	1 755	8: N.D. (to north-western end of Oshakati) 9:N.D. 10: SCP (1985) 20: G4 30: G5 40: G10 50: G8	Pavement in good order Concrete edging works well Shoulder cross sections needs to be re-shaped
M0092	Oshakati	36,4 48,0	D3609- Reg.Border (Omusati)	300	9: N.D. 10: SCP (1985) 20: G4 30: G5/G5M/G5 40: G10 50: G8/G7/G9/G8/G7/G9	Pavement in good order Concrete edging works well Shoulder cross sections needs to be re-shaped
M0111	Oshakati	0,0 18,8	M0092 (Oshakati)-Reg.Border (Omusati)	790	8:N.D. 9: SLF (1992) 10: Cape19 20-50: ND
M0120	Oshakati	0,0 6,3	M0092 (Oshakati)-End of Seal (Oshana Okatana)	1 010	ND (not included in PMS)

Note to table 36:

LAYER CODE: Types from 00 - 55

10: bituminous surfacing (09:1.seal; 08:2.seal; 07:3.seal etc.)
20: basecourse; 30: subbase; 40: subgrade; 50: fill;
ND = No data or default (140 mm thickness).

CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS:

PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: PAVEMENT SURFACING AND STRUCTURAL LAYERS: NAMIBIA ROADS AUTHORITY

SCP	19 mm Single seal and asphalt (Koffiemoer)
D13/7	Double seal: Aggregate size 13,2 mm and 6,7 mm
Layer Code	Layer Description
AC	Asphalt Surfacing: Continuously graded
AG	Asphalt Surfacing: Gap graded
AO	Asphalt Surfacing: Open graded
AS	Asphalt Surfacing: Semi-gap graded
AP	Asphalt Surfacing: Porous (Drainage) asphlat
PCC	Portland cement concrete layer
PED	Prime layer, Emulsion and crusher dust
PES	Prime layer, Emulsion and sand
Cape13	Cape Seal: 13 mm single seal with 1 slurry application
Cape19	Cape Seal: 19 mm single seal with 2 slurry applications
D19/9	Double seal: Aggregate size 19,0 mm and 9,5 mm
D19/6	Double seal: Aggregate size 19,0 mm and 6,7 mm
SLF	Slurry: Fine grading
SLC	Slurry: Coarse grading
SLM	Slurry: Medium grading
RSS	Slurry: Rapid setting coarse grading
SS	Sand seal
ST1	Single seal: Stone size not available
ST2	Double seal: Stone size not available
T13D	Single seal and crusher dust: Emulsion +13,2 mm aggregate and crusher dust
T13S	Single seal and sand: Emulsion +13,2 mm aggregate and sand
T13G	Single seal and grit (Grit = Washed crusher dust)
T13	Single seal 13,2 mm: Emulsion + 13,2 mm aggregate
T9	Single seal 9,5 mm: Emulsion + 9,5 mm aggregate
T7	Single seal 6,7 mm: Emulsion + 6,7 mm aggregate
L13	Single seal 13,2 mm: Latex Emulsion + 13,2 mm aggregate
L13G	Single seal 13,2 mm and Grit: Latex Emulsion + 13,2 mm aggregate + Grit
L9	Single seal 9,5 mm: Latex Emulsion + 9,5 mm aggregate
L9G	Single seal 9,5 mm and Grit: Latex Emulsion + 9,5 mm aggregate + Grit
H13	Single seal 13,2 mm: Hot bitumen + 13,2 mm aggregate
H9	Single seal 9,5 mm: Hot bitumen + 9,5 mm aggregate
H7	Single seal 6,7 mm: Hot bitumen + 6,7 mm aggregate
M13	Single seal 13,2 mm: Modified hot bitumen + 13,2 mm aggregate
M9	Single seal 9,5 mm: Modified hot bitumen + 9,5 mm aggregate
REJ	Rejuvenator (e.g. MSP3)
DE	Diluted emulsion
XX	Unknown
G1	Graded crushed stone
G2	Graded crushed stone
G3	Graded crushed stone
G4	Crushed or natural gravel
G5	Natural gravel
G6	Natural gravel
G7	Gravel / Soil
G8	Gravel / Soil
G9	Gravel / Soil
G10	Gravel / Soil
C1	Cemented crushed stone or gravel
C2	Cemented crushed stone or gravel
C3	Cemented crushed stone or gravel
C4	Cemented crushed stone or gravel
BEM	Bitumen emulsion Modified gravel
BES	Bitumen emulsion Stabilised gravel
ND	No Data

5.2.3 OHANGWENA REGION

The findings of the field trips for paved roads in the Oshana Region are shown in table 37:

TABLE 37: FINDINGS OF THE FIELD SURVEY: PAVED ROADS: OHANGWENA REGION

Road No.	District	Start-End Km	Stations	EAADT	Pavement Type	Findings of the Field Survey
D3608	Eenhana	0,0 3,5	T0111-Engela (End of Seal)	38	9: SCP (1993) 10-50: ND	Pavement has many cracks, the bitumen edges are breaking away at places.
M0110	Eenhana	0,0 18,7	T0111 (Omafo)-D3625/D3639	333	9: SCP (1998) 10: SCP(1992) 20-50: ND	Pavement is in good order, the bitumen edges are breaking away at places.
M0110	Eenhana	18,7 46,7	D3625/D3639-M0121 (Eenhana)	333	9: SCP (1998) 10: SCP(1992) 20-50: ND	Pavement is in good order, the bitumen edges are breaking away at places. See: Photo 040
M0110	Eenhana	46,7 71,9	M0121 (Eenhana)-D3602 (Elundu Junction)	220	8: SLM (2001) 9: SCP (1998) 10: SCP(1992) 20-50: ND	Single Layer Seal is resealed by a Medium Grading Slurry layer: Pavement is in good order
T0111	Eenhana	182,8 189,4	Reg.Border (Oshana)-D3638 (Ongha)	1 480	10: SCP(1985) 20-50: ND	Under design to be rehabilitated
T0111	Eenhana	189,4 205,8	D3638 (Ongha)-M0110 (Onuno)	1 480	10: SCP(1985) 20: G4 30: G4 40: G5/G6/G7 50: G6/G8/G9	Under design to be rehabilitated
T0111	Eenhana	205,8 208,8	M0110 (Onuno)-M0120	1 440	10: SCP(1985) 20: G4 30: G4 40: G5/G8 50: G6	Under design to be rehabilitated
T0111	Eenhana	208,8 211,2	M0120-D3608 (Omafo)	1 450	10: SCP(1985) 20: G4 30: G4 40: G4/G5/G7 50: G7	Under design to be rehabilitated
T0111	Eenhana	211,2 215,0	D3608 (Omafo)-Oshikango (Angola Border)	1 480	10: SCP(1985) 20: G4 30: G4 40: G5/G6 50: G7	Under design to be rehabilitated

Note: to table 37:

LAYER CODE: Types from 00 - 55

10: bituminous surfacing (09:1.seal; 08:2.seal; 07:3.seal etc.)
20: basecourse; 30: subbase; 40: subgrade; 50: fill;
ND = No data or default (140 mm thickness).

CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS:

PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: PAVEMENT SURFACING AND STRUCTURAL LAYERS: NAMIBIA ROADS AUTHORITY

SCP	19 mm Single seal and asphalt (Koffiemoer)
D13/7	Double seal: Aggregate size 13,2 mm and 6,7 mm
Layer Code	Layer Description
AC	Asphalt Surfacing: Continuously graded
AG	Asphalt Surfacing: Gap graded
AO	Asphalt Surfacing: Open graded
AS	Asphalt Surfacing: Semi-gap graded
AP	Asphalt Surfacing: Porous (Drainage) asphlat
PCC	Portland cement concrete layer
PED	Prime layer, Emulsion and crusher dust
PES	Prime layer, Emulsion and sand
Cape13	Cape Seal: 13 mm single seal with 1 slurry application
Cape19	Cape Seal: 19 mm single seal with 2 slurry applications
D19/9	Double seal: Aggregate size 19,0 mm and 9,5 mm
D19/6	Double seal: Aggregate size 19,0 mm and 6,7 mm
SLF	Slurry: Fine grading
SLC	Slurry: Coarse grading
SLM	Slurry: Medium grading
RSS	Slurry: Rapid setting coarse grading
SS	Sand seal
ST1	Single seal: Stone size not available
ST2	Double seal: Stone size not available
T13D	Single seal and crusher dust: Emulsion +13,2 mm aggregate and crusher dust
T13S	Single seal and sand: Emulsion +13,2 mm aggregate and sand
T13G	Single seal and grit (Grit = Washed crusher dust)
T13	Single seal 13,2 mm: Emulsion + 13,2 mm aggregate
T9	Single seal 9,5 mm: Emulsion + 9,5 mm aggregate
T7	Single seal 6,7 mm: Emulsion + 6,7 mm aggregate
L13	Single seal 13,2 mm: Latex Emulsion + 13,2 mm aggregate
L13G	Single seal 13,2 mm and Grit: Latex Emulsion + 13,2 mm aggregate + Grit
L9	Single seal 9,5 mm: Latex Emulsion + 9,5 mm aggregate
L9G	Single seal 9,5 mm and Grit: Latex Emulsion + 9,5 mm aggregate + Grit
H13	Single seal 13,2 mm: Hot bitumen + 13,2 mm aggregate
H9	Single seal 9,5 mm: Hot bitumen + 9,5 mm aggregate
H7	Single seal 6,7 mm: Hot bitumen + 6,7 mm aggregate
M13	Single seal 13,2 mm: Modified hot bitumen + 13,2 mm aggregate
M9	Single seal 9,5 mm: Modified hot bitumen + 9,5 mm aggregate
REJ	Rejuvenator (e.g. MSP3)
DE	Diluted emulsion
XX	Unknown
G1	Graded crushed stone
G2	Graded crushed stone
G3	Graded crushed stone
G4	Crushed or natural gravel
G5	Natural gravel
G6	Natural gravel
G7	Gravel / Soil
G8	Gravel / Soil
G9	Gravel / Soil
G10	Gravel / Soil
C1	Cemented crushed stone or gravel
C2	Cemented crushed stone or gravel
C3	Cemented crushed stone or gravel
C4	Cemented crushed stone or gravel
BEM	Bitumen emulsion Modified gravel
BES	Bitumen emulsion Stabilised gravel
ND	No Data

PHOTO:

Photo 040: M0110: Onuno-Eenhana: 10 km west of Eenhana: View to the East
Copyright of Photo Dr. Klaus Dierks

5.2.4 OMUSATI REGION

The findings of the field trips for paved roads in the Omusati Region are shown in table 38:

TABLE 38: FINDINGS OF THE FIELD SURVEY: PAVED ROADS: OMUSATI REGION

Road No.	District	Start-End Km	Stations	EAADT	Pavement Type	Findings of the Field Survey
D3611	Outapi	0,0 5,5	MR92 (Oshikuku)-End of Seal	57	999: SCP (1997) 20: G6 30: ND 40: G6 50: G10	Pavement is fine: No problems.
D3618	Outapi	0,0 4,6	MR92-Ruacana Town (End of Seal)	2 (?)	10: SCP(1984) 20-50: ND	Pavement is fine: No problems
D3621	Outapi	0,0 2,6	MR92-Olifa (End of Seal)	100	10: SCP(1985) 50: ND	Pavement is fair: Some crocodile cracks
D3623	Outapi	0,0 1,6	MR92 (between Oshikuku and Outapi)-Road End (Ongongo)	60	10: SCP (1983) 20: N.D. 30: N.D. 40: N.D. 50: N.D.	Pavement needs attention: potholes, broken edges, guard rail at end of seal at Ongongo heavily damaged.
M0092	Outapi	48,0 54,8	Reg.Border (Oshana)-Elim	339	9: N.D. 10: SCP(1985) 20: G4 30: G5 40: G10 50: G7/G8	Pavement in good order Concrete edging works well Shoulder cross sections need to be re-shaped See Photo: 41
M0092	Outapi	54,8 60,8	Elim-Oshikuku	339	9: N.D. 10: SCP(1985) 20: G4 30: G5 40: G10 50: G8	Pavement in good order Concrete edging works well Shoulder cross sections need to be re-shaped
M0092	Outapi	60,8 64,4	Oshikuku-D3615	339	9: N.D. 10: SCP(1985) 20: G4 30: G5 40: G10 50: G8	Pavement in good order Concrete edging works well Shoulder cross sections need to be re-shaped
M0092	Outapi	64,4 65,4	D3615-D3611	339	9: N.D. 10: SCP(1982) 20: G4 30: G5/G5M 40: G10 50: G8	Pavement in good order Concrete edging works well Shoulder cross sections need to be re-shaped
M0092	Outapi	65,4 92,5	D3611-D3623	339	9: N.D. 10: SCP(1982) 20: G4 30: G4/G5/G5M 40: G10/G5/G6 50: G8	Pavement in good order Concrete edging works well Shoulder cross sections need to be re-shaped
M0092	Outapi	92,5 122,3	D3623-D3608 (Anamulenge Access)	339	8: N.D. 9: DE (1992) 10: SCP(1981) 20: G4 30: G4/G5/G5M 40: G5/G6/G7/ G7M/G8 50: G8/G10	Pavement in good order Concrete edging works well Shoulder cross sections need to be re-shaped
M0092	Outapi	122,3 122,7	D3608 (Anamulenge Access)-M0123 (Outapi)	339	9: N.D. 10: SCP(1981) 20: G4 30: G5 40: G7 50: G8/G10	Pavement in good order Concrete edging works well (until north-western exit of Outapi) Shoulder cross sections need to be re-shaped
M0092	Outapi	122,7 161,9	M0123 (Outapi)-Olupaka-Mahenene-D3616	339	10: SCP(1982) 20: G4 30: G5/G5M 40: ND 50: G10	Pavement needs some attention with some potholes and concrete edging to be provided to the Intersection with D3616
M0092	Outapi	161,9 164,7	D3616-D3627 (Calueque-Mahenene Border Post)	339	10: SCP(1982) 20-50: ND	Pavement in good order
M0092	Outapi	164,7 183,3	D3627 (Calueque-Mahenene Border Post) -D3621 (Olifa Access)	3 700	9: DE (1995) 10: SCP(1981) 20-50: ND	Pavement in good order
M0092	Outapi	183,3 186,6	D3621 (Olifa Access)-MR67	80	9: DE (1995) 10: SCP(1981) 20-50: ND	Pavement in good order
M0092	Outapi	186,6 191,9	MR67-Ruacana Town Access	60	8: DE (1995) 9: DE (1982) 10: ST2 (1968) 20-50: ND	Pavement in good order
M0092	Outapi	191,9 194,7	Ruacana Town Access -D3618	60	9: DE (1982) 10: ST2 (1968) 20-50: ND	Pavement in good order
M0092	Outapi	194,7 207,7	D3618-D3628 (Access to Ruacana Falls and Angola Border Post at Ruacana)	40	8: DE (1995) 9: DE (1982) 10: ST2 (1968) 20-50: ND	Pavement in good order See: Photo 42
M0092	Outapi	207,7 208,0	D3628 (Access to Ruacana Falls and Angola Border Post at Ruacana)-End of Seal (Hippo Pool)(Start of D3700)	25	8: DE (1995) 9: DE (1982) 10: ST2 (1968) 20-50: ND	Pavement in good order See: Photos 42 to 45
M0111	Outapi	18,8 23,3	Reg.Border (Oshana)-D3615	790	9: SLF (1992) 10: Cape19 20-50: ND	Pavement in fair order. The bitumen edges are breaking away dangerously at many places. Many road signs and guide stones have been removed.
M0111	Outapi	23,3 38,2	D3615-D3619	790	9: SLF (1992) 10: Cape19 20-50: ND	Pavement in fair order. The bitumen edges are breaking away dangerously at many places. Many road signs and guide stones have been removed.

M0111	Outapi	38,2 69,4	D3619-D3626 (Okahao)	790	9: SLF (1992) 10: Cape19 20-50: ND	Pavement in fair order. The bitumen edges are breaking away dangerously at many places. Many road signs and guide stones have been removed.
M0111	Outapi	69,4 70,2	D3626 (Okahao)-D3635 (Okahao)	790	9: SLF (1992) 10: Cape19 20-50: ND	Pavement in fair order. The bitumen edges are breaking away dangerously at many places. Many road signs and guide stones have been removed.
M0111	Outapi	70,2 70,8	D3635 (Okahao)-MR122 (Okahao)	790	9: SLF (1992) 10: Cape19 20-50: ND	Pavement in fair order. The bitumen edges are breaking away dangerously at many places. Many road signs and guide stones have been removed.
M0111	Outapi	70,8 71,3	MR122 (Okahao)-MR123 (Okahao)	790	9: SLF (1992) 10: Cape19 20-50: ND	Pavement in fair order. The bitumen edges are breaking away dangerously at many places. Many road signs and guide stones have been removed.

Note to table 38:

LAYER CODE: Types from 00 - 55

10: bituminous surfacing (09:1.seal; 08:2.seal; 07:3.seal etc.)
20: basecourse; 30: subbase; 40: subgrade; 50: fill;
ND = No data or default (140 mm thickness).

CLASSIFICATION OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS:

PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: PAVEMENT SURFACING AND STRUCTURAL LAYERS: NAMIBIA ROADS AUTHORITY

SCP	19 mm Single seal and asphalt (Koffiemoer)
D13/7	Double seal: Aggregate size 13,2 mm and 6,7 mm
Layer Code	Layer Description
AC	Asphalt Surfacing: Continuously graded
AG	Asphalt Surfacing: Gap graded
AO	Asphalt Surfacing: Open graded
AS	Asphalt Surfacing: Semi-gap graded
AP	Asphalt Surfacing: Porous (Drainage) asphlat
PCC	Portland cement concrete layer
PED	Prime layer, Emulsion and crusher dust
PES	Prime layer, Emulsion and sand
Cape13	Cape Seal: 13 mm single seal with 1 slurry application
Cape19	Cape Seal: 19 mm single seal with 2 slurry applications
D19/9	Double seal: Aggregate size 19,0 mm and 9,5 mm
D19/6	Double seal: Aggregate size 19,0 mm and 6,7 mm
SLF	Slurry: Fine grading
SLC	Slurry: Coarse grading
SLM	Slurry: Medium grading
RSS	Slurry: Rapid setting coarse grading
SS	Sand seal
ST1	Single seal: Stone size not available
ST2	Double seal: Stone size not available
T13D	Single seal and crusher dust: Emulsion +13,2 mm aggregate and crusher dust
T13S	Single seal and sand: Emulsion +13,2 mm aggregate and sand
T13G	Single seal and grit (Grit = Washed crusher dust)
T13	Single seal 13,2 mm: Emulsion + 13,2 mm aggregate
T9	Single seal 9,5 mm: Emulsion + 9,5 mm aggregate
T7	Single seal 6,7 mm: Emulsion + 6,7 mm aggregate
L13	Single seal 13,2 mm: Latex Emulsion + 13,2 mm aggregate
L13G	Single seal 13,2 mm and Grit: Latex Emulsion + 13,2 mm aggregate + Grit
L9	Single seal 9,5 mm: Latex Emulsion + 9,5 mm aggregate
L9G	Single seal 9,5 mm and Grit: Latex Emulsion + 9,5 mm aggregate + Grit
H13	Single seal 13,2 mm: Hot bitumen + 13,2 mm aggregate
H9	Single seal 9,5 mm: Hot bitumen + 9,5 mm aggregate
H7	Single seal 6,7 mm: Hot bitumen + 6,7 mm aggregate
M13	Single seal 13,2 mm: Modified hot bitumen + 13,2 mm aggregate
M9	Single seal 9,5 mm: Modified hot bitumen + 9,5 mm aggregate
REJ	Rejuvenator (e.g. MSP3)
DE	Diluted emulsion
XX	Unknown
G1	Graded crushed stone
G2	Graded crushed stone
G3	Graded crushed stone
G4	Crushed or natural gravel
G5	Natural gravel
G6	Natural gravel
G7	Gravel / Soil
G8	Gravel / Soil
G9	Gravel / Soil
G10	Gravel / Soil
C1	Cemented crushed stone or gravel
C2	Cemented crushed stone or gravel
C3	Cemented crushed stone or gravel
C4	Cemented crushed stone or gravel
BEM	Bitumen emulsion Modified gravel
BES	Bitumen emulsion Stabilised gravel
ND	No Data

PHOTOS:

Photo 041: M0092: Outapi-End of Seal (Kunene River: Hippo Pool): 10 km east of End of Seal: View to the West
Copyright of Photo Dr. Klaus Dierks

Photos 42 to 45: M0092: Outapi-End of Seal (Kunene River: Hippo Pool): 1 km east of End of Seal: View to the West
Copyright of Photos Dr. Klaus Dierks

5.3 CONSULTATIONS WITH REGIONAL COUNCILS, GOVERNORS AND OTHER COMMUNITY LEADERS

5.3.1 OSHIKOTO REGION: Problems and Requests

Discussions with the Governor of the Oshikoto Region: Mr. Filo Kamanja: Tsumeb

Upgrading of D3629 from T0111 (Onethindi) to Olukonda
Upgrading of d3603 from T0111 (Onathinge) to Okankolo

5.3.2 OSHANA REGION: Problems and Requests

Discussions with the Governor of the Oshana Region: Mr. Clemence Kashupulwa:

Requests for upgradings:

	Upgrading of D3607 to Ompundja, at least for 2 km in Oshakati Town
	Upgrading of M0120 from the end of seal at Oshana Okatana to Endola and further construction of M0120 to the Intersection with 0111 (Ongha)
	Upgrading of D3609 from M0092 (Oshakati) to Omungwelume
	Labour-Based construction efforts are very much supported by the communities and have to be expanded. L.B. constructed roads must be maintained by L.B. based maintenance techniques, based on community activities. Appropriate community training for L.B. construction and maintenance must form an inherent part of the L.B. activity chain.

5.3.3 OHANGWENA REGION: Problems and Requests

Discussions with the Governor of the Ohagwena Region: Mr. Billy Mwaningange and Councillor Heita:

Requests for upgradings and general improvements:

Upgrading of M0110 from Elundu Junction to Okongo to paved standard (Okongo will be proclaimed as a town shortly). This upgrading will promote communal agriculture as the main economic activity in the Ohangwena Region.

	Ugrading of M0121 from Oshigambo to Eenhana to paved standard.
	Construction of the so far not built M0120 from Omafu to Endola and upgrading from the entire main road from Omafu to the Oshana Okatana to paved standard.
	Upgrading of D3608 from Engela to Okalongo to paved standard.
	The construction of more feeder roads to important community centres like schools, clinics etc.
	Community participation in the maintenance of especially labour-based constructed roads. The RCC does not play a very significant role in this regard.

5.3.4 OMUSATI REGION: Problems and Requests

Discussions with the Governor of the Omusart Region: Mr. Sakky Kanjone and the former Governor of the Omusati Region, Councillor Shilongo as well as the entire Regional Council and traditional headmen:

Requests for upgradings and general improvements:

	Upgrading of M0123 from M0092 (Outapi) to Tsandi and Okahao to paved standard.
	Upgrading of the L.B. constructed D3608 from Anamulenge to Okalongo (is currently in progress).
	Upgrading of the remaining 23,3 km unpaved D3611 from Oshikuku to Okalongo to paved standard.
	The L.B. built D3619 to Onaanda should be gravelled (is on the programme).
	The shoulder cross sections of M0092 should be re-instated according to specifications and concrete edging should be provided between Outapi and Ruacana.
	Upgrading of D3615 between Oshikuku and M0111via Elim to paved standard (D3615 was recently upgraded to all-weather standard and gravelled with good quality calcrete gravel).
	D3616 between Epalela and Onesi should be re-gravelled and widened.
	D3633 from Tsandi to Omugulu-g’Ombashe should be upgraded to all-weather standard (is currently in progress).

5.4 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS OF THE ROADS ASSESSMENT

The realisation of the standards and specifications of the "Roads Authority: Contract No RA/MC-MRP/01-2002: Construction and Maintenance of Roads in Namibia" and the execution of these objectives by the RCC have to be improved. The Namibia Roads Authority has apparently problems to appropriately guarantee the correct realisation of these objectives. Therefore it is strongly recommended to create a "engineering policing mechanism" to appropriately control the activities of the RCC. The major reason for this is the weak manpower position in the regions, especially in the Study Area. The existing engineering and technical manpower is not sufficient to guarantee an optimised quality and production control over the RCC and other contractors. If for financial and other manpower related reasons the RA is not able to improve the situation, use should be made of experienced road consulting engineers who could function as a form of "Special Quality and Production Control Police" to support the Road Authority.

One problem for the road assessment was that many of the PMS data for paved roads in the Study Area were outdated and only completed until the beginning of the 1990s. Many newly constructed or rehabilitated paved roads are still not incorporated into the PMS Data Base.
There are many outdated and even missing traffic counts into the Traffic Count Data Base.
For a traffic load of EAADT > 100 all newly constructed paved roads should obtain concrete edging during the construction period for all those sections which are situated in populated areas.
The maintenance of bitumen edges of existing paved roads still remains a major problem in all populated areas.
Dangerous (and illegal) speed traps on T0111 and M0092 must be legalised by proper speed restriction signs (10 km/h and not 60 km/h because these speed breakers can only safely negotiated with 10 km/h).
The "Roads Authority: Contract No RA/MC-MRP/01-2002: Construction and Maintenance of Roads in Namibia" does not make provision (there is no pay item) for the repair, maintenance and up-keeping of rest-places which in many instances are in a dilapidated state.
It came to our notice that at a grand scale the weigh bridge at Onuno is by-passed by illegally loaded trucks which use district roads 3609 and 3625 between Oshakati resp. Ondangwa and Oshikango instead.
No drainage problems were observed on all travelled roads in the Oshikoto, Ohangwena, Oshana and Omusati Regions during the rainy season 2001/2002.

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